TITLE OF THE PAPER : ROBOTICS
NAME OF THE AUTHOR : VARALAKSHMI.M(III_BCA)
NAME OF THE COLLEGE: MARUDHAR KESARI JAIN COLLEGE FOR WOMEN -
VANIYAMBADI
UNIVERSITY
: THIRUVALLUVAR
DEPARTMENT : BACHELOR
OF COMPUTER APPLICATION
ROBOTICS
Abstract:
Robotics is the branch of technology that deals with the design,
construction, operation and application of robots and computer systems for their control, sensory
feedback, and information processing. The word robotics was derived from the word robot, which was introduced to
the public by Czech writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R.
(Rossum's Universal Robots), which premiered in 1921. The word robot comes from the Slavic word robota, which is used to refer
forced labor. These
technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans, in
hazardous or manufacturing processes, or simply just resemble humans. Many of
today's robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired
robotics. At
present mostly (lead-acid) batteries are used as a power source. Many different types of batteries
can be used as a power source for robots. This is essential for robots to
perform their tasks, and act upon any changes in the environment to calculate
the appropriate response robotics
is a rapidly growing field, as we continue to research, design, and build new
robots that serve various practical purposes, whether domestically, commercially, or militarily. Many robots do jobs that are hazardous to people such
as defusing bombs, exploring shipwrecks, and mines.
History
of Robotics:
- The first industrial robot: UNIMATE
- 1954: The first programmable robot is designed by George Devol, who coins the term Universal Automation. He later shortens this to Unimation, which becomes the name of the first robot company (1962).
- 1978: The Puma (Programmable Universal Machine for Assembly) robot is developed by unimation with a general motors design support.
- 1980s: The robot industry enters a phase of rapid growth. Many institutions introduce programs and courses in robotics. Robotics courses are spread across mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, and computer science departments.
- 1995-present: Emerging applications in small robotics and mobile robots drive a second growth of start-up
Introduction To Robots:
The first thing that comes to mind when you
think of a robot:
For many people it is a machine that imitates a
human like the androids in Star Wars, Terminator and Star Trek: The Next
Generation. However much these robots capture our imagination, such robots
still only inhabit Science Fiction. People still haven't been able to give a
robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world. However,
Rodney Brooks and his team at MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab are working on
creating such humanoid robots.
The type of robots that you will encounter most
frequently are robots that do work that is too dangerous, boring, onerous, or
just plain nasty. Most of the robots in the world are of this type. They can be
found in auto, medical, manufacturing and space industries. In fact, there are
over a million of these type of robots working for us today.
Some robots like the Mars Rover Sojourner and the upcoming
Mars Exploration Rover, or the underwater robot Caribou help us learn about
places that are too dangerous for us to go. While other types of robots are
just plain fun for kids of all ages. Popular toys such as Teckno, Polly or AIBO
ERS-220 seem to hit the store shelves every year around Christmas time.
But
exactly robot is:
As strange as it might seem, there really is no standard
definition for a robot. However, there are some essential characteristics that
a robot must have and this might help you to decide what is and what is not a
robot. It will also help you to decide what features you will need to build
into a machine before it can count as a robot.
Types of robot:
There
are six main types of industrial robots: cartesian, SCARA, cylindrical, delta,
polar and vertically articulated. However, there are several additional types
of robot configurations. Each of these types offers a different joint
configuration. The joints in the arm are referred to as axes.
A robot has these essential
characteristics:
Ø Sensing First of all your
robot would have to be able to sense its surroundings. It would do this in ways
that are not unsimilar to the way that you sense your surroundings. Giving your
robot sensors: light sensors (eyes), touch and pressure sensors (hands), chemical
sensors (nose), hearing
and sonar sensors (ears),
and taste sensors (tongue) will give your robot awareness
of its environment.
Ø Movement A robot needs to be
able to move around its environment. Whether rolling on wheels, walking on legs
or propelling by thrusters a robot needs to be able to move. To count as a robot
either the whole robot moves, like the Sojourner or just parts of the robot
moves, like the Canada Arm.
Ø Energy A robot needs to be
able to power itself. A robot might be solar powered, electrically powered,
battery powered. The way your robot gets its energy will depend on what your
robot needs to do.
Ø Intelligence A robot needs some
kind of "smarts." This is where programming enters the pictures. A
programmer is the person who gives the robot its 'smarts.' The robot will have
to have some way to receive the program so that it knows what it is to do.
Advantages
of Robots:
·
The people should know the importance
of robots to help them to better determine when to use and when to
not use the robots , The robots can go to far away the
planets , They can be used to explore the space , They can spy on the people in
ways the people can’t move and from views the humans can’t reach .
·
The robots can go far
down into the unknown places where the humans would be crushed , They can
give us the information that the humans can’t get , They can work at
places 24/7 without any salary and food , Plus they don’t get bored .
·
The robots can
perform the tasks faster than the humans and much more consistently and
accurately , They become more common each and every day , The
robotic pets can help the patients with depression and they keep them
active .
·
Most of robots are automatic so , they can move without
any human interference , they can entertain us and they can help us in
certain tasks ,You can send them to dangerous environment such as the deep sea
or the war-zones .
·
You can use the robots to produce the products in the factories
such as assembling the cars , They can also be used to build the parts for
many products such as the plane parts , the car parts and the construction
supplies .
·
The robots do anything which we need to be precise , accurate
, New jobs are created because the people have to fix and design the
robots , The robots can work without sleep , So they can work
24/7/365 .
· The robots can endure the hostile environment of the
interplanetary space ,They are made that the planetary atmospheres do not
affect their physical state and performance , They can replace the human beings
in many areas of work , They can shoulder greater responsibilities and they can
be programmed to manage themselves .
· The robots can be programmed to reach the Earth’s nadirs ,
They can be used to dig for the fuels , They can be used for mining purposes ,
They can be harnessed for exploring the depths of oceans , They can be used to
overcome the limitations that humans have .
· The robots can be used in carrying out the repetitive and
time-consuming tasks efficiently , They are used to do dangerous tasks , They
can adjust their parameters like their speed and time , They can act quickly ,
unaffected by the factors that affect the humans .
· The robots do not require to sleep or take breaks , They are
able to function without stopping , When employed to carry out dangerous
tasks , the risk to the human health and safety is reduced , They can work long
time without service or maintenance , And they can be more productive than the
people .
· The robots can not tremble or shake as the human hands do ,They
can have much smaller and versatile moving parts than the people , They have
performed the medical surgeries because they can be faster and more precise
than the people .
· The robots are designed to work in the harsh environments
like in the space , without the air , underwater & in the fire , They can
be used instead of the people when the human safety is a concern , They can
come in any size , Whatever size needed for any task can be created .
· The robots can do the jobs that the people are unwilling to
do , many robotic probes have been sent throughout the solar system to never
return back to Earth , They can be stronger than the people ,the robotsin the
warfare eliminate putting more people at risk .
Disadvantages of robots:
·
The robots needs a supply of power , The people
can lose jobs in the factories , They need the maintenance to keep them
running , It costs a lot of money to make or buy the robots ,
The software and the equipment that you need to use with the
robot cost much money .
·
The robots can take the place of many humans in
the factories , So , the people have to find new jobs or be retrained , They
can take the place of the humans in several situations , If the
robots begin to replace the humans in every field , They will lead
to unemployment .
·
The robots cost much money in the maintenance
and repair , The programs need to be updated to suit the changing requirements
, and the machines need to be made smarter , In case of the breakdown , the
cost of repair may be very high , The procedures to restore lost code or
data may be time-consuming and costly .
·
The robots can store large amounts of data but
the storage , access, and retrieval is not as effective as the human brain ,
They can perform the repetitive tasks for long but they do not get better with
experience such as the humans do .
·
The robots are not able to act any different
from what they are programmed to do , With the heavy application
of robots , the humans may become overly dependent on the machines ,
losing their mental capacities , If the control of robots goes in the
wrong hands, it may cause the destruction .
·
The robots are not intelligent or sentient ,
They can never improve the results of their jobs outside of their predefined
programming , They do not think , They do not have emotions or conscience ,
This limits howthe robots can help and interact with people .
Conclusion:
Today we find most robots working for people in industries, factories,
warehouses, and laboratories. Robots are useful in many ways. For instance, it
boosts economy because businesses need to be efficient to keep up with the
industry competition. Therefore, having robots helps business owners to be
competitive, because robots can do jobs better and faster than humans can, e.g.
robot can built, assemble a car. Yet robots cannot perform every job; today
robots roles include assisting research and industry. Finally, as the
technology improves, there will be new ways to use robots which will bring new
hopes and new potentials.
References:
2. Nocks, Lisa (2007). The robot : the
life story of a technology. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.
3. Zunt, Dominik. "Who did actually invent the word "robot"
and what does it mean?". The Karel Čapek website. Archived from the
original on 2013-01-23. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
4. Asimov, Isaac (1996) [1995]. "The Robot
Chronicles". Gold. London: Voyager. pp. 224–225. ISBN 0-00-648202-3.
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